home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Wayzata World Factbook 1996
/
The World Factbook - 1996 Edition - Wayzata Technology (3079) (1996).iso
/
pc
/
text
/
humanrts
/
uzbekist.txu
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1996-01-05
|
11KB
|
231 lines
TITLE: UZBEKISTAN HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES, 1994
AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
DATE: FEBRUARY 1995
Section 4 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and
Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged
Violations of Human Rights
The Government disapproves of independent nongovernmental local
human rights organizations and has restricted their
operations. It denied the Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan,
a local group organized in 1992, permission to register. The
Government has often regarded international criticism of its
human rights record as interference in its internal affairs,
but in September it hosted a Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) seminar in Tashkent, which showed
an increased level of tolerance for foreign discussion of human
rights in Uzbekistan.
Mikhail Ardzinov, deputy chairman of the Human Rights Society
of Uzbekistan, was detained in May to prevent his attendance at
a human rights conference in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and in June to
prevent him from meeting with Senator Specter.
Section 5 Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion,
Disability, Language, or Social Status
Both the Constitution and the 1992 law on citizenship prohibit
discrimination on the basis of sex, religion, language, or
social status, and officially sanctioned discrimination does
not occur.
Women
There is no legal discrimination against women; women enjoy the
same legal rights as men. Despite nominal equality under the
law, however, women are severely underrepresented in high-level
positions. Due to traditional roles, women usually marry
young, bear many children, and confine their activities within
the family. However, women are not formally impeded from
seeking a role in the workplace. In rural areas, women often
find themselves limited to arduous labor in the cotton fields.
However, the barriers to equality for women are cultural, not
legal, and women who open businesses or seek careers are not
legally hindered.
Spouse abuse certainly takes place in Uzbekistan, but local
activists have no statistics. Wife beating is considered a
personal, family affair rather than a criminal act, and thus
such cases rarely come to court. A female journalist who has
written on women's problems estimates that some 50 percent of
the self-immolation suicides (of which there are reportedly
several hundred each year in Uzbekistan) are related to seeking
an escape from chronic beatings.
Children
Uzbekistan has one of the highest birthrates in the former
Soviet Union. Over half the country's population is under the
age of 15. The Constitution provides for children's rights,
stating that parents are obliged to support and care for their
children until they are of age.
National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities
In a population of about 22 million, official figures indicate
that 71 percent are Uzbeks, 8 percent Russians, 5 percent
Tajiks, 4 percent Tatars, and 3 percent Kazakhs. The real
number of Tajiks is significantly higher, as many Tajiks have
declared Uzbek nationality in their passports.
Uzbekistan's citizenship law, passed in 1992, does not impose
language requirements for citizenship. Nonetheless, the
language issue remains very sensitive. Uzbek has been declared
the state language, and the Constitution requires that the
President must speak Uzbek.
In March Russian Orthodox and Jewish graves were desecrated on
two occasions at a cemetery outside Tashkent. Uzbeks from the
adjoining neighborhood were suspected in the incidents.
Europeans complain of harassment from Uzbeks. Non-Uzbek
speakers report unpleasant experiences with their neighbors or
in stores. When government organizations and academic
institutions have been forced to cut back, it is frequently the
Russian speakers who have lost their jobs. However, the
Government does not promote emigration by minority groups and
publicly encourages them to stay.
The Government decided in 1993 to introduce a Latin script to
replace Cyrillic, will begin teaching Uzbek in the Latin script
in 1995, and hopes to have fully converted to a Latin script by
2000. Many store and street signs are already in the Latin
script.
People with Disabilities
One of Uzbekistan's first laws, adopted only 2 months after
independence in November 1991, was a law guaranteeing support
for invalids. This law was aimed at insuring the disabled the
same rights as other people. However, little effort is made to
bring the disabled into the mainstream. Society does not
accept them, and for the most part the disabled are kept out of
sight, either at home or in institutions. The State cares for
the mentally retarded in special homes. The Government has not
mandated access for the disabled.
Section 6 Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association
The 1992 law on unions specifically proclaims that all workers
have the right voluntarily to form and join unions of their
choice, that trade unions themselves may voluntarily associate
territorially or sectorally, and that they may choose their own
international affiliations. Membership in trade unions is
optional. The law also declares all unions independent of the
State's administrative and economic bodies (except where
provided by law), and states that trade unions may develop
their own charters, structure, and executive bodies and
organize their own work.
In practice, however, the overall structure of trade unions has
not changed significantly since the Soviet period.
Uzbekistan's independence has eliminated subordination to the
Soviet Union or Russia but has not altered the centralized
trade union hierarchy which remains dependent on the
Government. No "alternative" central union structures exist.
A few new professional associations and interest groups have
been organized, such as a Union of Entrepreneurs, a Union of
Renters, an Association of Private Physicians and Pharmacists,
and one of lawyers. Their role and strength are as yet
uncertain. Some of these hope to play a significant role in
licensing and otherwise regulating economic activity of their
members.
According to the law, the Council of the Federation of Trade
Unions (CFTU) has a consultative voice in the preparation of
all legislation affecting workers and is entitled to draft laws
on labor and social issues. Trade unions are legally described
as organizations that defend the right to work and protect
jobs. They have lost their previous role in state planning and
in the management of enterprises. The emphasis now is on the
unions' responsibility for "social protection" and social
justice--especially unemployment compensation, pensions, and
worker retraining.
The trade union law does not mention strikes or cite a right to
strike. However, the law does give the unions oversight over
both individual and collective labor disputes, which are
defined as those involving alleged violations of labor laws,
worker rights, or collective agreements.
The only reported strike in Uzbekistan was a short strike in
August by teachers in the city of Richtan calling for higher
wages. Union and government officials alike assert that this
social calm reflects general support for the Government's
policies and common interest in social stability. It probably
also reflects the absence of truly representative trade unions
as the standard of living fell, and growing unemployment raised
social tensions.
b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
Trade unions may conclude agreements with enterprises.
Privatization is in its very early phases, so there is no
experience yet with negotiations that could be described as
adversarial between unions and private employers. With very
few exceptions, the State is still the major employer, and the
state-appointed union leaders do not view themselves as having
conflicts of interest with the State.
The Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Finance, in
consultation with the CFTU, set the wages for various
categories of state employees. In the small private sector,
management establishes wages or negotiates them with those who
contract for employment.
The law forbids discrimination against union members and their
officers, and there were no complaints registered.
There are no export processing zones.
c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
The Constitution specifically prohibits forced labor, except as
legal punishment or as may be specified by law. Large-scale
compulsory mobilization of youth and students (by closing
schools) to help with the cotton harvest continues. Young
people in rural areas are expected to participate "voluntarily"
in harvesting activities of all kinds, and universities still
shut down temporarily to send both students and faculty into
the fields.
d. Minimum Age for Employment of Children
The minimum working age is 16 years; 15-year-olds may work with
permission but have a shorter workday. In rural areas, younger
children and the elderly often turn out to help harvest cotton
and other crops. The Labor Ministry has an inspection service
responsible for enforcing compliance with these and other
regulations governing employment conditions.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The Ministry of Labor, in consultation with the CFTU, sets the
minimum wage and raised it several times in 1994 as the value
of the sum (the Uzbek currency) fell. As of September, it was
about $10 per month at the official commercial exchange rate
(or 200 sum, almost two times the nominal level of January 1,
1994). Most agree that the minimum wage is not sufficient to
feed a family.
The workweek is set at 41 hours per week and includes a 24-hour
rest period. Some factories have apparently reduced work hours
in order to avoid layoffs. Overtime pay exists in theory but
is not always paid.
The Labor Ministry establishes occupational health and safety
standards in consultation with the unions. There is a health
and safety inspectorate within the Ministry. Workers do leave
jobs that are hazardous without apparent jeopardy to continued
employment; but the local press occasionally published
complaints about the failure of unions and government
authorities to do enough to promote worker safety.